师爷译丛：关于校园霸凌，美国政府有话说。
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《师爷译丛》是新开辟的专栏，里面是师爷觉得有意思的小文章，不仅是聊英语，也是给大家一个聊生活、聊世界的窗口，供大家学习交流。
师爷为文章提供了参考译文，欢迎有兴趣的朋友点评，也欢迎有志青年投稿。根据原文的语法、词汇难度，师爷会给文章评星：
★☆☆☆☆ 初学者
★★☆☆☆ 进阶水平
★★★☆☆ 中级水平
★★★★☆ 高级水平
★★★★★ 专业水平
校园霸凌的英文是school bullying，把“bullying”翻译成“霸凌”，可能是继“media”翻译成“媒体”之后最为精准到位、信达雅兼备的翻译了。最近北京的校园霸凌事件可谓一波三折、众说纷纭，而霸凌其实在全世界都是普遍现象。根据统计，美国的中学生（6-12年级）有28%曾经遭到霸凌，同时有差不多数量的中学生承认曾经霸凌过自己的同学。
美国政府专门成立了一个网站，就叫做“杜绝霸凌”：www.stopbullying.gov。师爷今天着重介绍的是其中一个部分，即公众和媒体在传播、报道霸凌事件时应该注意些什么。
下面文字的难度系数为★★★★☆ 。
Common Pitfalls in Bullying Coverage
报道霸凌事件的常见错误
A task force of noted journalists and experts in bullying prevention and related fields developed the chart below. Their sole goal is to help journalists avoid problems evident in current coverage.
由著名新闻记者、杜绝霸凌问题及相关领域的专家组成的小组制作了下面的图表。他们的目的是帮助媒体避免目前报道中存在的明显问题。
1⃣️Overstating the problem. With so much discussion of bullying and an Internet rife with false information and misleading statistics, it can be difficult to keep the issue in perspective.
夸大问题。社会上充斥着众多有关霸凌的讨论，互联网上的虚假信息和误导性统计四处蔓延，使得人们很难冷静地思考问题。
Unfortunately, a majority of bullying stories give an inaccurate picture of the prevalence of the problem. The facts are:
不幸的是，大部分对于霸凌事件的报道都对于问题的严重程度作出了并不准确的描述。真实的情况是：
Bullying is not an epidemic. Rates of bullying nationally have not increased. There may be a local increase in bullying or awareness of bullying, but even this statement requires more reliable evidence than a few striking cases.
霸凌行为并没有激增。全国发生霸凌事件的比例并没有提高。霸凌事件或者对霸凌行为的认识度在地方层面可能会有提升，但是即使这种说法也需要更加可信的证据，而不是几个令人震惊的事件。
Most young people do not experience or support bullying behavior.
大部分年轻人并没有经历霸凌行为，也不支持霸凌。
Many types of aggressive behavior are in fact not bullying (e.g., one-time physical fights, online arguments, incidents between adults).
很多攻击性行为实际上不属于霸凌（比如一次性的打斗、在线争吵、成年人之间的冲突等）
Cyberbullying is less prevalent than other forms of bullying.
与其它形式相比，“线上霸凌行为”并不是那么常见。
Why it can be harmful?
为什么这种认识是有害的？
Creating the impression that bullying is a bigger problem than it is spreads misinformation, which in media reports raises many ethical and professional concerns. Some experts contend that reports depicting bullying as widespread and rapidly growing make youth and adults more likely to see it as common and less likely to try to stop it.
创造出霸凌行为比实际上更加严重的印象会造成错误信息的传播，而这在媒体报道当中会产生道德和职业问题。一些专家认为，将霸凌行为描绘成迅速增长、迅速扩散的行为，将会使得孩子和成年人以为这是常见的行为，从而降低制止这一行为的积极性。
Adults accept it as part of growing up and think nothing can be done.
成年人会认为这只是成长的一部分，没办法制止。
Youth think it is okay because “everyone does it.”
孩子会认为这是无所谓的，因为“所有人都这么做”。
Also, when people don’t understand the actual dimension of a problem, they can make mistaken conclusions or even turn to the wrong solutions.
同时，如果人们并不理解某一问题的真正尺度，他们可能做出错误的结论，甚至提出错误的解决方案。
Finally, the idea that bullying is “everywhere” can contribute to irrational fears that can lead some to overprotective or anxious parenting. Some studies show that anxious parenting may harm children as they grow up.
最后，认为霸凌行为“无处不在”的想法可能会导致不理性的恐惧心理，从而导致家长对于孩子的过度保护或”焦虑型养育“。一些研究表明，“焦虑型养育”会给孩子们在成长过程中造成危害。
2⃣️Stating or implying that bullying caused a suicide. The relationship between bullying and suicide is complex. Many media reports take short cuts, presenting bullying as the “cause” or “reason” for a suicide. The facts tell a different story.
宣称或暗示霸凌行为造成孩子。霸凌行为与行为之间的关系是很复杂的。很多媒体报道投机取巧、不做深入调查，将霸凌行为当作的“原因”或“理由”。事实并非如此。
A thorough investigation usually reveals that the cause of a suicide is complex and multifacted. If bullying is involved, it is one of many factors.
全面详细的调查通常会显示出，的原因是复杂、多面的。如果霸凌行为确实有关，它只是其中的一个因素而已。
Why it can be harmful?
为什么这种认识是有害的？
Stories that say or insinuate that bullying caused a suicide can create a belief that suicide is a normal, even inevitable result of bullying. This may lead to “contagion”—additional deaths or cluster suicides that occur after heavy media coverage of the issue.
明示或暗示霸凌行为造成了会使得公众错误认为是霸凌行为的一个正常的、甚至是不可避免的结局。这可能会导致的“蔓延”——在媒体密集报道之后更多的行为。
3⃣️Oversimplifying. Journalists’ efforts to simplify complex bullying issues for readers can be unintentionally misleading. Examples of nuances the public needs to understand include:
过于简单化。对于读者而言，新闻报道人员对于复杂的霸凌问题的简单化报道可能会造成无意的误导。公众需要理解的细节包括：
The same young person can play the roles of “bully” and “victim” in different situations.
同样的一个孩子可能在某些场合是霸凌行为的发出者，而在另一些场合是受害者。
Bullying affects all types of youth; it is not restricted to LGBT youth, although they are a higher risk.
霸凌行为会影响所有孩子，而并不仅仅是LGBT（同性恋、双性恋、变性）少年，虽然他们遭受霸凌的风险较高。
Simple or one-time solutions (e.g., school assemblies) are not likely to work.
简单、一次性的解决方案（例如家长会）不能解决问题。
Why it can be harmful?
为什么这种认识是有害的？
Reports that exclude nuances paint an inaccurate and incomplete picture of real-world bullying. This perpetuates myths and may lead parents, educators, and others to miss the bullying in front of them.
没有包括这些细微差别的报道会对现实生活中的霸凌行为进行不准确的、不完整的描述。这会造成错误认识，并使得家长、教育工作者及其他人忽视就在他们眼前的霸凌行为。
Citing unrealistically simple solutions also can hinder efforts to stop bullying. When people observe that these solutions fail, they can give up trying.
引用不切合实际、简单的解决方案也会妨碍制止霸凌的努力。如果人们发现这些解决方案不起作用，他们可能会放弃努力。
Oversimplifying can also lead to unfair anger or resentment, because it enables people to draw conclusions without the full facts. It can result in such problems as blaming a school principal or a parent for a bullying incident.
过于简单化还可能导致并不公正的愤怒或仇恨，因为它会使得人们根据不完整的事实得出结论。这可能导致一些问题，如校方或家长在霸凌事件中受到指责。
4⃣️Using under-qualified sources. It can be difficult to identify true experts in bullying prevention, suicide, and other newsworthy topics. Spokespeople may have expertise in other areas, for example from working as educators, or from personal experience. But they can lack deep knowledge of these complex issues and lead you to misinform your audience.
引用并不合格的信息来源。在杜绝霸凌、及其它有新闻价值的报道过程中，找到真正的专家往往是一件困难的事情。受访者可能在其他领域有丰富经验（比如作为教育从业者），或自身有着亲身经历。但是他们可能对这些复杂问题缺乏深入的知识，从而导致对读者的误导。
Why it can be harmful?
为什么这种认识是有害的？
Poor sources can introduce inaccuracies into reports, which readers and viewers may take as fact and share broadly. Misinformation perpetuates the problem.
不合格的信息来源可能使得报道不准确，而读者和观众会将这种不实报道当作是事实并加以传播。错误信息会造成问题。
5⃣️Blaming/criminalizing those who bully. Many times youth who bully are not mentioned in media reports. Some reports paint a one-sided picture of bullying situations, quickly blaming those who bully or even portraying them as criminals. They also may blame the school.
谴责/罪犯化实施霸凌的人。很多时候在报道中并不会提及实施霸凌的孩子到底是什么样的。一些报道片面描绘了霸凌事件的场景，迅速谴责实施霸凌的孩子，甚至把他们称为罪犯。这些报道还可能对校方进行指责。
This may be due to laws like FERPA that prevent school officials from providing information about bullying cases. These restrictions protect youth, but make it difficult for journalists to get information about what actually happened in a specific bullying incident.The facts are:
可能是由于《家庭教育权利及隐私法》（the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act，FERPA）等法案的限制，学校方面不能对于霸凌事件提供过多细节。这些限制保护了孩子，但是使得记者很难在某一霸凌事件中掌握事情的真相。事实上：
Youth who bully often have been bullied themselves.
实施霸凌的孩子经常自己也遭受霸凌。
Bullying involves a complex dynamic between youth in groups; attributing blame can be problematic.
霸凌可能是孩子的群体之间复杂互动行为的结果，随意指责会造成问题。
Bullying is not a crime, even when a young person involved dies by suicide.
霸凌行为并不是非法的，即使其中有孩子。
Youth who bully need help too so they can learn to use power in appropriate ways.
实施霸凌的孩子也需要得到帮助，以学会如何正确使用他们的力量。
Why it can be harmful?
为什么这种认识是有害的？
Portraying those who bully in a harshly negative light shuts down healthy dialogue. Parents of youth who have exhibited some bullying behaviors may be unwilling to participate in prevention. Teachers, counselors, and others also can write them off as “no good.”
将实施霸凌的孩子置于严酷而负面的拷问当中将会关闭良性对话的大门。有霸凌行为孩子的家长可能不会积极参与对霸凌行为的制止。教师、校方和其他人可能把他们作为“坏人”而摒弃。
A report implying that bullying led to a suicide can create public pressure for an inappropriate criminal investigation or civil lawsuit, and even brand the youth who bullied as a “murderer.”
一个暗示霸凌行为造成的报道可能会引发来自公众的压力，迫使司法部门展开并非合适的犯罪调查或民事诉讼，。
Some experts fear that young people who are bullied may see suicide as a way to punish those who have bullied them.
还有一些专家担心，遭受霸凌的孩子可能会将作为对于实施者的惩罚手段。
Blaming also may damage the entire school community, and in the case of suicide, limit or negatively impact healing.
谴责行为也会破坏整个校园环境，同时，如果出现事件，也会对心灵的治愈造成负面影响。
6⃣️Sensationalizing. Journalists must interest readers. Bullying incidents generally are not covered unless they involve serious injury, a death, many young people, or some other act that makes them newsworthy. Attention-grabbing headlines often use language that adds to the dramatic element in the coverage. Often cyberbullying stories are particularly sensational.
过度炒作。记者必须打动读者。如果没有重伤、死亡、多人参与或其它事件，霸凌行为通常没有什么新闻价值，不会得到报道。吸引眼球的标题通常会使用一些令事件更加极端化的语言。网络霸凌事件尤其是过度炒作的重灾区。
Why it can be harmful?
为什么这种认识是有害的？
The emphasis on the most tragic results of bullying can encourage overprotective or anxious parenting, which studies have shown may harm children as they grow up.
对于悲剧性结局的强调可能会造成家长的过度保护或“焦虑型养育”，而研究证明这些在孩子的成长过程中会造成不利影响。
Cyberbullying is misperceived as more prevalent and threatening than facts suggest. Resulting efforts to prevent bullying may focus in the wrong place.
网络霸凌行为被错误地认为是非常流行并具有危害性，然而事实并非如此。其结果是制止霸凌的努力可能被用在了错误的地方。
Sensational stories about cyberbullying can lead adults to mistakenly blame the technology and take away access to this important social and learning tool.
对于网络霸凌事件的过度炒作可能导致成人错误地指责技术发展，并使得孩子们无法接触到网络这一重要的社交和学习工具。
The focus on dramatic bullying events misses an opportunity for coverage of positive themes about new research findings or progress achieved through prevention.
对于极端化的霸凌事件的报道，使得人们无法看到宣传正能量的事件，如新的研究成果或制止霸凌行为所取得的成果。
7⃣️Failing to include prevention information and resources. Research has not arrived at what definitely works to prevent bullying, but many media reports do not offer the public what is known.
未能介绍制止霸凌行为的信息及资源。还没有研究能够得知我们如何能彻底制止霸凌行为，但是很多媒体报道并没有介绍我们已经取得的成果。
Media reports often focus on prevention through anti-bullying legislation and policies, or contain very general ideas instead of more specific tips for parents, schools, and youth. Also, many do not refer to quality public resources, such as StopBullying.gov.
媒体报道通常把焦点放在反霸凌行为的立法和政策方面，或者仅仅包含一般性的概念，并没有对家长、学校和孩子提出具体的建议。同时，很多报道也没有引用合格的公众信息来源，比如本网站StopBullying.gov。
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师爷简介
北京爷们儿，留英七年海龟，英语培训师及翻译师，北师大实验中学校友会常务理事。英国威尔士大学会计与金融专业本科，曾任CCTV-5和《体坛周报》驻英特约记者。
英国翻译及口译协会（Institute of Translation and Interpreting, ITI）认证的翻译师（MITI），认证考试阅卷人，所译文字无需公证即得到绝大多数政府及社会机构认可接受。
从事英语培训6年，专注一对一留学培训，培育高分学员数不胜数。能够在最短时间内永久性解决学生的英语问题。
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