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【人·岁月·生活】《》原文：最后的国父佩雷斯 | 逝者

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Shimon Peres, one of the last surviving pillars of Israel’s founding generation, who did more than anyone to build up his country’s formidable military might, then worked as hard to establish a lasting peace with Israel’s Arab neighbors, died on Wednesday in a Tel Aviv area hospital. He was 93.

西蒙·佩雷斯，以色列国父一代最后的支柱，他居功至伟，打造了祖国强悍的军事力量，此后致力于与以色列的阿拉伯邻居缔造永久和平，他周三在特拉维夫地区一家医院逝世，享年93岁。

His death was confirmed by two people with direct knowledge who did not want to speak publicly until the family made an announcement. The family planned to address the media around 7 a.m. Israel time.

两个在场的人确认了死亡消息，但在家人发布声明前不愿意公开发言，家人计划以色列时间上午七点向媒体宣布消息。

Mr. Peres died just over two weeks after suffering a stroke. Doctors kept him largely unconscious and on a breathing tube since then in hopes that it would give his brain a chance to heal. But he deteriorated as the nation he once led watched his last battle play out publicly and leaders from around the world sent wishes for his recovery.

佩雷斯先生两周前中风，之后医生维持他处于昏迷状态，使用了呼吸机，希望他的大脑有可能复愈。但他的身体恶化，他曾经领导的国家眼睁睁看着他打完最后一场战斗，世界各国的为他的健康祈福。

As prime minister (twice); as minister of defense, foreign affairs, finance and transportation; and, until 2014, as president, Mr. Peres never left the public stage during Israel’s seven decades.

他两任总理，、外交部长、财长和交通部长，2014年之前还担任总统，佩雷斯在以色列七十年历史中从未离开公共舞台。

He led the creation of Israel’s defense industry, negotiated key arms deals with France and Germany and was the prime mover behind the development of Israel’s nuclear weapons. But he was consistent in his search for an accommodation with the Arab world, a search that in recent years left him orphaned as Israeli society lost interest, especially after the upheavals of the 2011 Arab Spring led to tumult on its borders.

他领导创建了以色列的国防工业，与法、德进行了关键的武器协议谈判，。但他坚定寻求与阿拉伯世界达成和解，近年来这让他日益孤立，因为以色列社会对此失去了兴趣，尤其2011年阿拉伯之春导致的剧变让以色列边境骚乱不断。

in 2007 to serve a seven-year term as president, Mr. Peres had complicated relations with the hawkish government of Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, elected in 2009. While largely a ceremonial post, the presidency afforded Mr. Peres a perch with access and public attention, and he tried to exert his influence.

2007年议会推选他成为七年任期的总统，佩雷斯与2009年选举上台的鹰派总理内塔尼亚胡关系复杂。尽管总统职位是象征性的，，他试图施加他的影响力。

For someone who was dogged for decades by a reputation for vanity and back-room dealing, Mr. Peres ended his years in public office as a remarkably beloved figure, promoting the country’s high-tech prowess and cultural reach, a founding pioneer who set an example for forward thinking.

数十年来以排场和秘密协议闻名，可他身为公职的最后岁月却成为受人敬爱的人物，他推动国家的高科技实力和文化辐射力，开创了前瞻性思考，堪为表率。

Never at a loss for a bon mot in his Polish-accented Hebrew, English and French, Mr. Peres said of his transformation: “For 60 years, I was the most controversial figure in the country, and suddenly I’m the most popular man in the land. Truth be told, I don’t know when I was happier, then or now.”

佩雷斯操一口波兰口音的希伯来语、英语和法语，他妙语连珠，谈到自己的转变时说：“六十年了，我是这个国家最具争议的任务，突然，我成了这片土地上最受欢迎的人。说实话，我也不知道何时最幸福，彼时抑或现在。”

Historic Handshake

历史性握手

In his efforts to help Israel find acceptance in a hostile region, Mr. Peres’s biggest breakthrough came in 1993 when he worked out a plan with the Palestine Liberation Organization for self-government in Gaza and in part of the West Bank, both of which were occupied by Israel.

佩雷斯致力于让以色列身处敌对地区而被人接受，他取得的最大突破是1993年巴解组织制定计划，推动后者在加沙和约旦河西岸地区自治，当时两个地区都被以色列占领。

After months of secret negotiation with representatives of the P.L.O., conducted with the help of Norwegian diplomats and intellectuals, Mr. Peres persuaded his old political rival Yitzhak Rabin, then the prime minister, to accept the plan, which became known as the Oslo Accords.

在挪威外交官和知识分子的帮助下，与巴解组织代表秘密谈判数月，、时任总理拉宾接受该机计划，这一计划被称为奥斯陆协定。

Mr. Peres, who was serving as foreign minister, , in a ceremony on the South Lawn of the White House as Mr. Rabin and their old enemy Yasir Arafat, the chairman of the P.L.O., looked on and, with some prodding by President Bill Clinton, shook hands.

1993年9月13日，在白宫南草坪的仪式上，当时任外交部长的佩雷斯先生签署了协定，拉宾和其宿敌、，在克林顿总统的促动下，两人还握了手。

It was a gesture both unprecedented and historic. Up to that time, Israel had refused to negotiate directly with the P.L.O. Mr. Peres broke the taboo, and the impasse.

这是史无前例和历史性的握手。此前，以色列拒绝与巴解组织直接谈判，佩雷斯打破禁忌和僵局。

“What we are doing today is more than signing an agreement; it is a revolution,” he said at the ceremony. “Yesterday a dream, today a commitment.”

他在仪式上说：“我们今天做的是比签约更加重要，这是一场革命，昨天梦一场，今天有承诺。”

“We are sincere,” he pledged to the Palestinians. “We mean business. We do not seek to shape your lives or determine your destiny. Let all of us turn from bullets to ballots, from guns to shovels.”

他向巴勒斯坦人承诺：“我们是真诚的，我们说到做到，我们不再塑造你们的生活，或者决定你们的命运。让我们所有人把子弹变成选票，把枪炮变成铁铲。”

Later that day, in a television interview, Mr. Peres pronounced himself 100 percent sure that peace had arrived. With the changes in the world — the end of the Cold War; the collapse of the Soviet Union and, with it, its military, financial and diplomatic support of the P.L.O.; and the drying up of funds from Arab countries angered over Arafat’s support of Iraq in the recent Persian Gulf war — the time had come for the Palestinians, too, to seek peace.

当天晚些时候接受电视采访时，佩雷斯宣布自己百分之百确信和平到来了。世界发生了诸多变化，冷战结束，，后者对巴解组织的军事、财政和外交支持也不复存在，，这还让来自阿拉伯国家的资金枯竭，因此正当巴勒斯坦人寻求和平之时。

“If you have children,” he said, “you cannot feed them forever with flags for breakfast and cartridges for lunch. You need something more substantial. Unless you educate your children and spend less money on conflicts, unless you develop your science, technology and industry, you don’t have a future.”

他说：“如果你有孩子，你不能永远用旗帜当早餐、用弹药筒当午餐去喂养它。除非你教育子女，少花钱打仗，除非你发展科技和工业，你没有未来。”

Mr. Peres, Mr. Rabin and Arafat were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1994.

佩雷斯、。

But the era of good feelings did not last. It was shattered in 2000 after a visit by the opposition leader Ariel Sharon to the sacred plaza in Jerusalem known to Jews as the Temple Mount and to Muslims as the Noble Sanctuary. The next day, the Israeli police fired on stone-throwing protesters, inaugurating a new round of violence that became known as the second intifada.

但好景不长，2000年领袖阿里尔·沙龙造访耶路撒冷圣地——犹太人称为圣殿山，称为尊贵圣殿，此后和平被击碎了。第二天，以色列警察向投掷石头的者开火，引发新一轮暴力，。

It did not end until , bringing new leadership to the Palestinians and a new effort at coexistence led by Mr. Sharon, a former hawk who was elected prime minister and withdrew Israeli settlers and soldiers from Gaza and small parts of the West Bank.

，巴勒斯坦迎来新，沙龙推动新的和平共处，曾经的鹰派现在被选为总理，他从加沙和约旦河西岸小部地区撤回定居者和士兵。

Mr. Peres had tried before to get a peace settlement, in 1987, at that time between Israel and Jordan. He was foreign minister in a coalition government with Yitzhak Shamir when he proposed an international peace conference on the Middle East. But Mr. Shamir and his Likud faction scuttled the plan.

佩雷斯在1987年就曾推动在以色列和约旦之间达成和平协议。他当时是伊扎克·沙米尔联合政府的外交部长，他当时提议在中东召开国际和平会议，但沙米尔先生和他的利库德集团破坏了这一计划。

Mr. Peres had sought to settle the future of the West Bank and Gaza, which Israel had occupied since the Arab-Israeli War in 1967. As a first step, he proposed that Jordan and Israel could either divide the land or share the government but that Israel should not control the area forever.

佩雷斯努力缔造约旦河西岸和加沙的未来，1968年阿以战争后，以色列占领了这一地区。作为第一步，他提议约旦和以色列或裂土或共治，但以色列不该永远控制这一地区。

A Coalition, and Calm

联合政府的祥和

Mr. Peres became prime minister at the head of an unusual coalition of Israel’s two major political parties, his own Labor Party, and the Likud, the party led by Yitzhak Shamir, who served as deputy prime minister and foreign minister. In accordance with the coalition agreement, the two men exchanged posts after 25 months.

佩雷斯后来成为联合政府的总理，他的工党和沙米尔领导的利库德集团联合组阁，以色列两个主要政党联合是不常见的，沙米尔任副总理和外交部长。根据联合政府协议，两人在25个月后互换职位。

Mr. Peres brought a period of tranquillity to the social environment, which had been frayed by animosities between European and Middle Eastern Jews and between religious Jews and secular Jews.

佩雷斯带来一段社会环境稳定时期，其间欧洲和中东犹太人以及宗教犹太人和世俗犹太人之间的敌意带来一些摩擦。

He presided over the withdrawal of Israeli forces from Lebanon after an invasion that had generated unprecedented controversy, and he became the first Israeli prime minister to take the difficult steps required to deal with the nation’s fundamental economic problems and ruinous inflation.

他主导以色列军队撤出黎巴嫩，此前的占领导致了史无前例的争议，他成为第一个迈出艰难步伐的以色列总理，这些行动旨在应对国家的根本性经济问题和恶性通胀。

During his time in office, Israel airlifted some 7,000 Ethiopian Jews who had trekked to refugee camps in Sudan to escape famine, anti-Semitism, forced conscription of boys and other threats that made their lives in Ethiopia precarious. Mr. Peres called the clandestine rescue operation a “daring and wonderful” act of “self-redemption.”

他执政期间，以色列飞运了约7000名埃塞尔比亚犹太人，这些人徒步来到苏丹的难民营逃避饥荒、反犹运动和强迫男孩入伍等威胁，这让他们在埃塞尔比亚岌岌可危。佩雷斯称秘密的营救行动是“大胆且了不起的”“自我拯救”。

Taking over what was expected to be a government of national impasse, Mr. Peres left office with an image as a dignified, self-confident statesman.

接掌国家时，人们认为这将是让国家陷入困境的一届政府，佩雷斯离任时的公众形象是高贵、。

But while he was prime minister, severe strains developed in relations between the United States and Israel growing out of a major spy scandal involving an American, Jonathan Jay Pollard, and the disclosure in 1986 of Iranian arms deals.

但担任总理时，美国和以色列因间谍丑闻而关系空前紧张，这涉及一名美国人Jonathan Jay Pollard，以及曝出1986年的伊朗武器协议。

A man of medium height and slender, athletic build — his dark hair turned gray and then white in his later years — Mr. Peres always exuded vitality, despite a schedule that kept him going 18 hours a day. When, on his 88th birthday, he was offered a traditional Jewish greeting, “May you live till 120,” he retorted without missing a beat, “Don’t be stingy.”

佩雷斯中等身材，体型瘦削，有运动员般的身材，他深色的头发泛白，晚年一头银发，他总透出一股活力，尽管他每天连续工作18个小时。88岁生日时，他得到传统的犹太祝福：“愿您活到120岁，”他不为所动地驳斥说：“别这么吝啬。”

Mr. Peres was married to the former Sonya Gelman, who shunned the spotlight to the point of refusing to move into the president’s house when he took his last public post. She died in January 2011. They had three children: a daughter, Zvia, and two sons, Jonathan and Nehemya. They and Mr. Peres’s eight grandchildren and three great-grandchildren survive him.

佩雷斯娶了已故的Sonya Gelman，她行事低调，佩雷斯最后一任公职时，她甚至拒绝搬入总统府。她2011年1月逝世，两人育有三子：女儿Zvia和两个儿子Jonathan和Nehemya。在世的有三个子女、佩雷斯的八个孙辈与三个重孙辈。

Mr. Peres was an effective speaker, comfortable in front of large audiences as well as the television camera. He cultivated party members — remembering their names and attending their weddings and bar mitzvahs — and nurtured his relationship with the intelligentsia.

佩雷斯擅长演讲，在大批公众和电视镜头前表现自然。他栽培党员——记着他们的名字并参加他们的婚礼和受戒仪式，并保持与知识分子的关系。

He also wrote poetry and was given to quoting the ancient Greeks and Flaubert and Churchill. He published a dozen books, including “The New Middle East,” in 1993, and “Battling for Peace,” a memoir, in 1995. His last book was an affectionate political biography of his mentor, the country’s founding prime minister, David Ben-Gurion.

他写诗歌，热衷于引用古希腊人、福楼拜和丘吉尔。他出版了十二本书，其中包括1993年的《新中东》和1995年的回忆录《为和平而战》。，记述了他的导师、国父总理大卫·本-古里安。

A Journey From Poland

波兰之旅

He was born Shimon Persky on Aug. 16, 1923, in the small village of Vishniewa, Poland, to a merchant family. His parents, Yitzhak and Sara Persky, took him to Palestine when he was 11, where he studied in Tel Aviv and then entered an agricultural school.

他1923年8月16日生于波兰维什涅瓦的一个小村庄的商人家庭，名叫Shimon Persky。父母Yizhak Persky和Sara Persky在他11岁时来到巴勒斯坦，他在特拉维夫读书，并进入一所农业学校进修。

In 1941, he helped found Kibbutz Alumot in the eastern Lower Galilee, where he worked as a herdsman and was elected kibbutz secretary. He soon became active in the Mapai, which was to become Israel’s Labor Party, and, at 18, was appointed the coordinator of the youth movement of the Histadrut, the General Labor Federation.

1941年，他在下加利利东部协助建立了Alumot基布兹农场，他是个牧民，被选为基布兹书记。他后来在以色列工人党活动，该党后来成为以色列的工党。18岁时，他被任命为总工会青年运动的协调人。

He rose rapidly, getting experience in the intricacies of Israeli political life. In 1944, Ben-Gurion, then the head of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, sent Mr. Peres with a small reconnaissance group to Eilat on the Red Sea to survey the Sinai Desert and make maps that became important strategic assets during the 1948 war of independence.

他平步青云，。1944年，时任巴勒斯坦犹太机构的本-古里安将佩雷斯派到红海沿岸城市埃拉特的一个侦查小队中去，调查西奈沙漠并绘制地图，在1948年的独立战争中，地图成为重要的战略资产。

It was on that mission that a friend sighted a nest of eagles, “peres” in Hebrew. “Persky,” he said, “why don’t you change your family name to Peres?” He accepted the suggestion, though, in fact, the bird they saw was more a vulture than an eagle.

在那次任务中，一个朋友看到了一窝老鹰，希伯来语中叫做“佩雷斯”。他说：“Pesky，你把姓改成佩雷斯如何？”他接受了这个建议，尽管他们看到的鸟是秃鹫而并非老鹰。

When Israel became independent in 1948, Mr. Peres was named head of the naval service. Within two years, he was sent to the United States to lead a defense supply mission in New York.

以色列1948年独立，佩雷斯被任命为海军司令。两年内，他被送往美国领导纽约的军需任务。

He was 27 and spoke no English, but within three months, after rounds of intensive private lessons, he was fluent. He took courses at the New School for Social Research and New York University, and later at the Harvard School of Public Administration.

他当时27岁，不会说英语，但三个月内，经过密集的强化私教，他说得很流利。他在社会研究新校和纽约大学报班学习，后来还在哈佛公管学院读书。

In 1951, Ben-Gurion, then prime minister and minister of defense, appointed Mr. Peres director general of the Defense Ministry, where he used his Harvard training to reorganize the department. Mr. Peres became known as one of “Ben-Gurion’s boys” — protégés of the “Old Man” — a group that included Teddy Kollek and Moshe Dayan.

1951年，，，佩雷斯被称为“本古里安的马仔”，“老头子”的门徒，老头子们还有特迪·科勒克和摩西·达扬。

Those years may have been the genesis of a lifelong rivalry with Mr. Rabin, who at the time was chief of the operations branch, the second-highest position in the Israeli Army, and who complained of what he called Mr. Peres’s excessive authority.

那些年注定佩雷斯一生与拉宾抗衡，拉宾当时是行动部总长，以色列军队的二把手，他抱怨说佩雷斯权力太大了。

At the Defense Ministry, Mr. Peres was in charge of a substantial portion of the nation’s total budget, and he played a central role in developing the young nation’s industry, particularly in aeronautics and electronics.

，负责国家全部预算的实质性部分，他发挥了核心作用，发展年轻国家的工业，尤其是航空和电子业。

He stressed domestic weapons production, but when Egypt received advanced military equipment from the Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia, Mr. Peres began to cast about for new sources of supply. He finally turned to France.

他强调武器本土生产，但当埃及从苏联和捷克斯洛伐克接收先进军事设备时，佩雷斯开始设法寻找新的供应方，他最终选择了法国。

His timing was excellent. The French believed the Algerian revolutionaries fighting for independence were fueled by President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and saw Israel as a source of intelligence about Egypt. Mr. Peres negotiated a $1 billion arms deal and acquired a reputation as a canny bargainer.

他时间选得很准。法国当时认为争取独立的阿尔及利亚革命党受到埃及总统纳萨尔的鼓动，认为以色列可以提供有关埃及的情报。佩雷斯谈判拿下10亿美元的军火协议，以精明的谈价者著称。

The arms negotiations formed a basis for the Franco-Israeli alliance that led to Israel’s lightning capture of Sinai during the Arab-Israeli War in 1967. Zeev Schiff, for many years the military editor of the newspaper Haaretz, said, “There is no doubt that Peres was one of the brains behind Suez.”

军火谈判成为法以联盟的基础，这让以色列在1967年的阿以战争中闪电夺取西奈。资深军事编辑Zeev Schiff说：“毫无疑问，佩雷斯是苏伊士运河之战背后的智囊。”

Ben-Gurion felt that a pre-emptive war was bad for Israel in terms of public opinion and was reluctant until the last. Mr. Peres saw it as an opportunity to get a better position among the superpowers, a special relationship through a “joint venture of going to war together.”

本-古里安认为先发制人的战争有碍观瞻，不到万不得已不发动战争。佩雷斯认为这是一个挤入列强的机会，通过“合伙发起战争”打造一种特殊关系。

Out of that joint venture came French help in building a nuclear reactor in Dimona, which provided Israel with the ability to build nuclear weapons.

这种合伙让法国帮助以色列建造了迪莫那的核反应堆，。

“I reached the stage in France where I was trusted by everybody, and really the sky was the limit,” Mr. Peres said many years later.

多年后佩雷斯说：“我来到法国，所有人都信任我，就看你能想多远。”

In 1957, Mr. Peres was awarded the French Legion of Honor, one of many international distinctions. In 2012, President Obama presented him with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.

1957年，佩雷斯被授予法国荣誉军团勋章，这是他获得的诸多国际荣誉之一。2012年，奥巴马总统颁给他总统自由勋章。

The American honor partly reflected Israel’s shift in alliance to the United States from Europe in previous decades.

美国人的荣誉部分反映出美国从过去几十年亲欧转向了与美国结盟。

While under Ben-Gurion, and his successor, Levi Eshkol, Mr. Peres negotiated with the West German defense minister, Franz Josef Strauss, to get arms and continued to get weapons from France, as well. But he came to rely increasingly on the United States. He visited Washington frequently and met with Presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson.

在本-古里安和他的继任者列维·埃斯科尔的时代，佩雷斯与西德防长施特劳斯谈判获得武器，并继续从法国获得武器。但他日益依赖美国，他常常造访华盛顿，。

Mr. Peres, who frequently drew on historical allusions, thought of himself as philosopher more than a politician. When asked about the 1993 Oslo Accords, he said: “There was no alternative. We had to do it.”

佩雷斯经常引经据典，。被问及1993年奥斯陆协定时，他说：“别无选择，我们必须这么做。”

He added, “An ancient Greek philosopher was asked what is the difference between war and peace. ‘In war,’ he replied, ‘the old bury the young. In peace, the young bury the old.’ I felt that if I could make the world better for the young, that would be the greatest thing we can do.”

他又说：“一个古希腊哲学家被问到战争与和平有什么不同。他回答：‘战争让老年人埋葬年轻人；和平让年轻人埋葬老年人’。我认为我们要为年轻人创造更好的世界，这是我们能做的最伟大的事。”

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